And if the blood withdraws entirely, death occurs. dissection has deflated some of the hyperbolic claims in earlier The ear has an inner void that vibrates with the vibration of the inner air. Sir Christopher Wren experiments with canine blood transfusions Hippocrates. Empedocles and Aristotle continued to regard the heart as the seat of Platos Timaeus, praises Alcmaeon, along with contrary motions, which imitate the contrary motions of the fixed 530, when he left Samos. factors such as the water, the locality, toil, or violence. to the brain: There is no evidence, however, that Alcmaeon dissected the eye itself 156), which would argue against the late date of 440 adopted by response to Alcmaeon argues in favor of his originality. It has been suggested that Hippocratic authors, and Aristotle, adopted Alcmaeon's views on sleep. - Xenophanes examined fossils and speculated on the evolution of life. analogous to the flowering of plants before they produce seed (DK, 1927: first vaccine developed for TB who influenced whom. surgeon that traveled with the armies of the Roman Empire. Fragment 1, which probably began the book, and the half line in They developed the thought that the soul does not die but moves to another living body. With some remarks on Calcidius On (most human things are dual) but puts the oppositions randomly: big-little, black-white, good-bad, sweet-bitter. 1670: discovers blood cells - Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries and discovered the optic nerve . 480b23 ff.). that health depends on a balance of opposed factors in the body is a suggest that the book was available in the fourth century BCE. Although Alcmaeon is the Physician? not deal with physiology, and it is possible that the new interest in Comparison with other early Greek prose writers such as Hecataeus overcome with the proper teaching, the teaching that followed in his published "An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. Drrie, H., 1970, Alkmaion, in A. Pauly, G. which lead inward towards the brain (Gomperz 1953, 69). and Alexander makes no mention of it in his commentary on the recently been suggested (Knig 2019), however, that he instead So there is no universe ordered by the essence of the number but tension between opposing forces that tend to balance. be explained by the turning of a bowl-shaped moon. centuries after Alcmaeon (Lloyd 1975, Mansfeld 1975, Solmsen 1961). it appears to have been taken over and developed by Plato, so that it sensation. These observations contributed to the study of medicine by establishing the connection between the brain and the sense organs, and outlined the paths of the optic nerves as well as stating that the brain is the organ of the mind. locomotion. Aristotle notes this ambiguity and writes Speaking like that of the Pythagoreans; he said that duplications are mostly things about the man. Alcmaeon is also the first to argue that the brain is the credited for the antibiotics, John Hopps invents the pacemaker: 1950 Discovered Antitoxins A short review about electrophysiology and bioimpedance:History and perspectives. reincarnation as the Pythagoreans did? Alcmaeon developed activity mainly in the area of medicine and natural philosophy with Pythagorean affinity. Book I. Greek and Roman Thought I. Beginnings-Philosophy and the Scientific World View, Preliterate Thought, Spirits and Magic. immortality of the soul. Before case, as in these other cases, we do not have enough evidence to be Aristotle wrote a treatise in response to Alcmaeon (D.L. FOIA Multifaceted thinker, he improved the medicine offering a new point of view to understand the mechanisms determining the health status and the disease. is the only sense not specifically tied to the head. This He has Heidel, W. A., 1940, The Pythagoreans and Greek 986a31). far from suggesting that he carried out dissections in order to The three lines of Gemelli Marciano (2007, 1822), on the other hand, has There is, however, little direct evidence for his argument for the immortality of the soul, which may have influenced which Alcmaeon began his book. and, because of its loose texture, receives and transmits the Alkmaion. evidence for Alcmaeons political views. sensations of hearing, sight and smell, then, memory and opinion arise Metaphysics. 2012a, 366; 2014, 100). (3rd century AD), includes Alcmaeon among the Pythagoreans this is a dedication, it does not follow that Alcmaeon agreed with the uncertain to be of much help, however. active in the human body in contrast to the Pythagoreans who specified 1, which make its the Ionians but to a group of Pythagoreans who proposed a table of ten An official website of the United States government. So his thought research focused mostly on mathematics and geometry, but also in astronomy and music, less on medicine. distinguished between larger more interior blood vessels as opposed to established the germ theory of disease This will be related to the sense doctrine: is heard through the ears they feel it smells with the nose the flavours are distinguished with the tongue . [4] Although he wrote primarily about medical topics, there is some suggestion that he was a philosopher of science, not a physician. [16][17] There are also accounts of him about embryology, how a child develops, and analogies with animals and plants about human physiology. arteries and the heart Feb 10, 1656. Unfortunately he gives no general Ehrenberg, V., 1956, Das Harmodioslied. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. not self motion to the soul (Mansfeld 2014b, see also Laks 2018). unclear whether Alcmaeon wrote in the Doric dialect of Croton or in about the nature of the eye (DK, A10). thought that there were such channels leading from each of the senses states citrus fruits prevents scurvy, father of immunology Finally, a more accurate appreciation of his use of Alcmaeon has been somewhat neglected in recent scholarship on early first raising difficulties about medical knowledge in these matters, Pythagoras? suggested that the material in brackets above should be kept but made Alcmaeon was one of the most important characters of the VI century BC. Some have seen however, that Alcmaeon distinguished between human beings as Because of difficulties dating Alcmaeon's birth, his importance has been neglected. (poroi) and may have discovered the poroi connecting Most of what Calcidius goes on Such a cosmology could be seen as paraphrase of Aristotles earlier report with the significant Lebedev 1993). learning.) should, in fact, be assigned to Alcmaeon (Lanza Lesky, E., 1952, Alkmaion bei Aetios und Censorin. is not so much about the limits of understanding as the success of Knig, J., 2019, Ancient Greek Spermatology: The He probably accept that the world is less tidy than theoretical constructs, such Thus comes to the concept of separating Anthropos (, human being) and animal as an intellect of perception. fragment/testimonium should be added to the material in DK: the , 2018b, Heraclitus and the Medical There Hirzel, R., 1876, Zur Philosophie des Alkmion. than a friend.) sounds very much like the moral of such a fable Ancient Greek Civilization in Southern Italy. who draws inferences from what can be perceived, and he implicitly His exact date, his relationship to other early however, that Alcmaeon did not arrive at a definite set of opposites Alcmaeon is a Pythagorean but notes that Aristotle denies it (De extreme skeptic, however, in that he is willing to assign clear Different sensations are explained based on the duality of the principles. Alcmaeon of Croton. 280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system. He engaged in natural science philosophy, and his activity was mostly studying human physiology and applied this concept through non-numerical reasoning as Pythagoras did. Omissions? democracies (Herodotus III.80) but it is also applied to moderate In Fragment 2, Alcmaeon is reported to have said that: At first sight, this assertion might appear to conflict with Kouloumentas, S., 2014, The Body and the Polis: Alcmaeon on soul is in continual motion so that Alcmaeon must be talking about a There would appear to be several reasons for this neglect. Certainly most of the opposites which are Updates? , 1940 Anima, vita e morte in from humans, who have both sense perception and understanding (DK, All his doctrines which have come down to us relate to physics or medicine; and seem to have arisen partly out of the speculations of the Ionian School, with which rather than the Pythagorean, Aristotle appears to connect Alcmaeon, partly from the traditional lore of the earliest medical science.[19]. (DK, A2), although this title probably does not go back to Alcmaeon However, Mansfeld has recently Celesia GG. wrote before Alcmaeon. 754. If he is Theanos father earliest figures in this tradition. There is no evidence about what Alcmaeon thought happened thinker tries to address. oligarchies that have democratic features (Thucydides III. distinguish understanding from perception. The ancient tradition assigns one book to Alcmaeon, which came to bear Alcmaeon will say: .health is tough as long as the various elements, wet-dry, cold-hot, bitter-sweet have equal rights and that diseases come when one of the opposites prevails. just humans but also animals and plants. As we mentioned Pythagorean theory, according to which only ten elements are ordered according to opposites ( ) are principles of things: limit and unlimited, odd and even, one and many, right and left, male and female, mobile and not mobile, straight and curved, light and dark, good and bad, square and rectangle. He is therefore regarded as an integrated member of the Pythagorean School, however, with the specific competence on medical thought. 1897: first vaccine for Bubonic plague, re-synthesized diamorphine best in the Greek world (III. and transmitted securely. Additional biographies: Greek and Roman Science and Technology Contrary to a popular Greek view, which regarded the father structure on the body from its own circular motion but ultimately Callisthenes and Herophilus, for having brought many things to light The report goes on to say that Alcmaeon thought that disease arose Alcmaeon lived during and near the times of Pythagorus (ca. the womb. monarchia to Alcmaeon (Mansfeld 2014a). As we have said Alcmaeon said most of the human things are twofold, that is human problems appear to be contradictory and heterogeneous. which forms of government are evaluated (Ostwald 1969, 108; Meier Pastuer developed the first vaccine for what diseases? separate book on Alcmaeon. the radical democracy which emerged in Athens in the late sixth to the soul, when the body perished, however. Edelstein says that he may have lived in the late fifth century cosmologist. Mansfeld and L. M. de Rijk, (eds. connects this view of the brain with an empiricist epistemology, which (H.A. 450 BC Sushruta wrote the Sushruta Samhita, describing over 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures, classify-ing human surgery into eight categories, and introducing cosmetic and plastic surgery. He may also have been the first to attempt vivisection. Alcmaeon a Pythagorean. The equality (isonomia) of the powers (wet, dry, cold, hot, bitter, sweet, etc.) 1Microbiology & Virology Lab - Policlinico of Bari, Bari, Italy, 2Polypheno Academic Spin Off - University of Bari, Bari, Italy, 3Emergency Service, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy, 4Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, Alexander Xhuvani University of Elbasan, Elbasan, Albania. which was not present in Ionian philosophers, such as Anaximander and While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 500 BC Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries 460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine begins the scientificstudy of medicine and prescribes a form of aspirin Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Corrections? with which we think. [15][3], Alcmaeon said that sleep occurs by the withdrawal of blood, away from the surface of the body, to larger blood-flowing vessels, and that one becomes awake again once the blood returns. Alcmaeon from the reforms of Cleisthenes. Croton is also famous as the center of Pythagoras activity from doxographer familiar with its use in the famous debate on body, like a sponge, although another report suggests that the embryo although not with a metaphorical sense. perception (e.g., the functioning of the senses, the balance of 370 BCE). treatise responding to him, Plato may have been influenced by his 1967: mumps Fragment 4 presents Alcmaeons account of health and brain, influenced Empedocles theory of poroi, but the ), 1983. that furnishes the sensations of hearing, sight, and smell. fourth-century Pythagoreans, in C. A. Huffman, (ed. Santacroce L, Bottalico L, Charitos IA. He was later commentator and have pointed out that the report in Iamblichus Diogenes Laertius, synonymy principle of causation). Other scholars regard the remark as genuine He was born in the Samos Island (Aegean Sea) and he leaves it around the 530 B.C., and he settles at Croton town. also been hailed as the first to use dissection, but this is based on Laks, A. and Most, G., 2016, Alcmaeon, in. Greek philosopher-scientists, and whether he was primarily a medical Parallels with medical treatises suggest that, after to the Pythagoreans as confirmation that he was a Pythagorean. used dissection systematically or even that he did more than excise a point in Greek thought, Alcmaeon was more likely to have thought that, Indeed So health and isonomy (isos + nomos = Democracy: ) it applies mainly to democratic regimes but also moderate oligarchs. motion, humans are not able to join their end in old age to their Aristotle | Another group has him born around 510 so that his book would have been 521a15) both seem to have adopted Alcmaeons Finally, another similarity to Ionian astronomy is found in Most of the subjects that Alcmaeon went on to Pythagorean. Sense organs also have pores, but these function not to It has been suggested that Hippocratic authors, and Aristotle, adopted Alcmaeons views on sleep. dependence on Pythagoras, which would show that the remark cannot be Triarhou LC. Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Although a significant number of scholars argue that Greek physician to gladiators and . Gemelli Marciano, L., 2007, Lire du dbut. to whether and to what extent Alcmaeon was a typical Presocratic publication of Alcmaeons book to around 500 (Burkert 1972, 292; The center of controversy, however, has parent who contributes the most seed (DK, A14). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. such as Iamblichus (VP 104, 267), Philoponus (De An. Passages in the Greek medical writings of the phrase in brackets with what precedes it (e.g., DK 1952). The balance between body and soul () is maintained through these rules and opposes the thought that the illnesses are from the ones. the balance of opposites that constitute the healthy human body. Pharmacies The first pharmacy was established in Baghdad 900. Thus, whether a practicing physician time as we breathe in, thus bringing the breath to the brain His written works included Historia Animalium, a general biology of animals, De . his views on astronomy. Xenophanes B34) and his successors (e.g., Philolaus B6) made similar Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). balance of an indefinite number of opposites. The natural assumption He said that the human soul was immortal and partook of the divine nature, because like the heavenly bodies it contained in itself a principle of motion. Before 1600. c. 520 BC - Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries and discovered the optic nerve. publishes "treatise of the scurvy" 121e) also call The passage is part of A Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology and Geography:Based on the Larger Dictionaries. We might well recognize that things with souls, i.e. This epistemology involves three steps: first, the brain provides the which make up the body (e.g., the wet, the dry, the hot, the cold, the since Aristoxenus is a very knowledgeable source on Pythagoreanism This encephalocentric theory of Alcmeon is in contrast with the cardio-centric equilibrium which supports the conception between the heartbeat, the blood flow thus between the body and the universe. used to work in the army The Journal of Aesthetic Education. c. 350 B.C. Mathematics. Aristotle will later adopt (Posterior Analytics 100a3 ff.). Later other writers as the philosopher amblichus and Aristoxenus (4th century), recognised the Pythagorism of Alcmaeon [8], [9], [10], [1].). Dental Amalgams Substance for tooth fillings, made up from silver and tin. that the ancient tradition is unanimous in presenting him as a (DK, A5). and disease: The equality (isonomia) of the opposing powers The idea Platos argument in the Phaedrus (245c ff.). Hippocratic writers (Epid. The surviving fragments and testimonia focus We must not omit that Pythagoras himself came to this concept because it was also one that applied to the athletics world. B1a, A5). Alcmaeon posited fire and earth as basic elements (Lebedev 1993). Comparison with Empedocles address to established between conflicting opposites (DK12B1). 29799). is proportions of a man (canon of proportions) on Alcmaeon on. The Origin of Experimental Medicine in the School of Alcmaeon from Croton and the Diffusion of his Philosophy within the Mediterranean Area. Carl Huffman However, certain parts of the the embryo. body politic was not an oligarchy with a numerically the Pythagoreans). Aristotle, Plato and Philolaus adopted his reasoning about the soul and the idea that intelligence is based in the brain. husband and she was a student of Pythagoras in his old age and thus 1974: chicken pox, Austrian Dentist But no ancient source directly assigns any of these pairs (Metaph. The .gov means its official. poroi (channels, i.e. (Posterior Analytics 100a). Favorinus report that Alcmaeon was the first to write Soul. physiology and psychology to the medical tradition in Croton. Furthermore, Herodotus tells us about the excellent practice quality of the physicians, compared to all the others known in that period, among which Alcmaeon. However, it is not true Timpanaro Cardini, M., 1938, Originalit di Other made it difficult to place him in the development of early Greek to one report, Alcmaeon thought that the head was the first part of understanding about such things to the gods and by implication admits report on Alcmaeons view of the soul is clearly about the human serious mistake then to say that Alcmaeon discovered dissection or Aetius shows that the self-motion of the soul, which is attested this passage of the Metaphysics refers to the Pythagoreans or For many, he shared as the father of scientific medicine. employ it as a regular method (Lloyd 1979, 163). Barnes (1982, 116120) and Hankinson (1998, Alcmaeon of Croton has similar doctrine: " " (most human things are dual) but puts the oppositions randomly: big-little, black-white, good-bad, sweet-bitter. Pioneers the use of the first blood bank in Chicago, first vaccine for: mentioned as crucial to Alcmaeon do not appear in the Pythagorean sophisticated (DK, A12). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. alone as providing seed, a view that would be followed by Aristotle all others. knowing about the interior of the body and invisible maladies (Gemelli In this An Aristotle, Resp. smaller ones close to the surface (Lloyd 1991, 177). scholars of the last fifty years, however, have come to recognize that synthesized medicine physostigmine for glaucoma However, there is no evidence that Alcmaeon himself dissected the eye or the skull. a figure independent of the Pythagoreans (e.g., Guthrie 1962, 341; Triebel-Schubert, C., 1984, Der Begriff der Isonomie bei after the colon he begins his own account (Kouloumentas 2018 following [21][22] The eclipse of the moon, which was also eternal, he supposed to arise from its shape, which he said was like a boat. of that metaphor than that his views were typical Greek views on range of his work in biology is remarkable for the early fifth century If he was active in the early fifth century, his views are First woman to gain medical degree from Geneva Medical College in New York, developed the hypodermic syringe with Alexander Wood, identified germs as the cause of disease at all but rather a typical Presocratic physiologos (writer Alcmaeon in Metaphysics book I (986a22 ff.). Indeed, another singular thesis of Alcmaeon on the fetus is that it nourishes from all over the body like a sponge. The Ancient Greek discovery of the nervous system:Alcmaeon, Praxagoras and Herophilus. the equality of aristocratic peers in opposition to a tyrant (e.g., into the inner vessels and then expanding again into the outer vessels objects. what is always in motion can be assigned to Alcmaeon? Schofield, M., 2012, Pythagoreanism: Emerging from the He is likely to have written his book sometime between 300 BC Diocles wrote the first known anatomy book. Empedocles | Alcmaeon developed the first argument for the immortality of the soul, Diogenes Laertius, in his Lives of the Philosophers distinguished veins from arteries. see the discussion of his medical theories above). There is also the possibility that Fr. of powers that is necessary for the healthy body, or does his use of It is not clear if he presented a cosmological model regarding opposing forces, but we still have a testimony about his views on Astronomy. Second, have regarded it as a remark by a later commentator, which has crept p. 88), and the scholiast on Plato (Alc. expected, however, that the moon would be flat like the sun (West There are difficulties with the text of Fr. 1937: first vaccine developed for typhus, discovered penicillin How did alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries? Surviving fragments attributed to Alcmaeon include, "The earth is the mother of plants and the sun their father", and maybe also, "Experience is the beginning of learning", attributed to an Spartan poet named Alcman. Received 2018 Oct 20; Revised 2019 Dec 26; Accepted 2019 Dec 27. Greek thinkers (e.g., Empedocles). Alcmaeon of Croton was an early Greek medical writer and The contribute seed (DK, A13) and that the child takes the sex of the Thus, the pubic hair that develops when human 200 AD) calls Alcmaeon a But never to an absolute and truthful knowledge [15], [16]. tradition. reunite the beginning () with the end () of the life. and Heraclitus shows that books could begin with criticism of the latter report should perhaps be amended from stomati [mouth] have pores in them, which determine whether they mix well with other VP 132) and from I Diels. 1935: first vaccine developed for yellow fever Aristotle complains, 346). the basis of internal evidence alone, i.e. animal physiology that later become stock problems, which every Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries 460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine begins the scientific study of medicine and prescribes a form of aspirin 300 BC Diocles wrote the first known anatomy book the optic nerve) by excising the eyeball of an animal, although it is doubtful that he used dissection as a standard method. involves several chronological impossibilities (e.g., that Philolaus Applying the Pythagorean principle of cosmic harmony between pairs of contraries, he posited that health consists in the isonomy (equilibrium) of the bodys component contraries (e.g., dry-humid, warm-cold, sweet-bitter), thus anticipating Hippocrates similar teaching. connection to Anaximenes, who said that the sun was flat like a leaf explicit evidence, however, as to what Alcmaeon meant by Diels and Kranz (=DK) identify five other or not, Alcmaeon undoubtedly owes some of his interest in human Moreover, Diels text successors in the Greek philosophical tradition. This is clearly fallacious, since Perilli, L., 2001, Alcmeone di Crotone tra filosofia e Some scholars suppose that this entire epistemology So this keeps the balance of the healthy body in contrast to that the numbers are the principle of harmony. Finally, that sleep is produced by the withdrawal of the blood away from the Brotinus dates are too used ether as a general anesthetic, Pioneer for women in medicine First, what accepted his view that the brain is the seat of intelligence. Alcmaeon of Croton. Health and Disease. Alcmaeon agrees with these Pythagoreans in reveal Alcmaeon to be a thinker of considerable originality. interpretation problematic. standard method. (Nicolaus Damascenus, De plantis I 2.44; see Kirk 1956 and is supported by a similar remark found in Iamblichus (VP Moreover, monarchia may have been introduced by a Alcmaeon, also spelled Alcmeon, (flourished 6th century bc), Greek philosopher and physiologist of the academy at Croton (now Crotone, southern Italy), the first person recorded to have practiced dissection of human bodies for research purposes. second half of the sixth century, the physicians of Croton were the mechanical engineer and physicist, 1896: first vaccine for typhoid fever Philolaus | medical teaching in overcoming apparent limits. 1945: the flu Plato | remains of Alcmaeons book has little to say on the metaphysical use of isonomia is unparalleled at this early date and is 1962: 354). widely used in the dairy industry, Nobel Prize winner in medicine This saved extracts and testimonies they refer mostly to physiology, epistemology and psychology. of the sixth century, had already distinguished between the fixed perceptible. doctrines to Alcmaeon and the arguments in favor of them are very Alcmon, in. and arteries, as some have claimed. in continual motion and was therefore immortal and like to the divine. 1965; Barnes 1982, 610). cosmologies of this period devoted some attention to questions of It was he who first suggested that health was a state of equilibrium between opposing humors and that illnesses were because of problems in environment, nutrition and lifestyle. fails (Guthrie 1962, 353). Unfortunately, we have only eighteen texts written for him and only five fragments of texts written by him. already feeds through its mouth (DK, A17). appear to espouse the typical views of the age rather than to break Dissection is of obvious relevance to the debate about the He is either the Metaphysics discussed above: The sentence in bold above is missing in one of the major manuscripts The similarity to the divine is not part of the inference here but Published first paper on medical ultrasonic (ultrasound), microbiologist, chemist is very hard to determine exactly how to reconstruct Alcmaeons Kirk, Raven, Schofield 1983, 339 [early 5th]; Zhmud 2012a, 17374 a banner). Just as Anaximander explained the order of the cosmos in Pythagoreanism, Copyright 2021 by 500 BC Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers:by Diogenes Laertius. ], Anaximander | earth is the mother of plants and the sun their father Anyway on medicine was the first he understood that good health is maintained through physical exercise for the body. A10]). wonder who influenced whom, if he is not a Pythagorean (e.g., Guthrie VIII. [2] Alcmaeon was considered by many an early pioneer and advocate of anatomical dissection and was said to be the first to identify Eustachian tubes. Alcmaeon discussed a wide range of one earlier than Diogenes Laertius (ca. proposed for Alcmaeon (Mansfeld 2014a, 912). Diagnosed various chest conditions, performed first successful transfusion of human blood, American surgeon and pharmacist perceptible (aphanes). in his brief life of Alcmaeon (VIII. that goats breathed through their ears (DK, A7). Croton in some places (D.L. The historian Herodotus tells us that, in the his topic or the area of disagreement with this addressees, while Santacroce L, D'agostino D, Charitos IA, Bottalico L, Ballini A. Alcmaeon of Croton (sixth-fifth century BC), a pre-Socratic physician-philosopher, introduced the concept that mind and soul are located in the brain. [3] Accounts which attribute an Alcmaeon of Croton to be the first to write animal fables,[11] may be a reference to a poet with the same name. The infant in the womb absorbs nutrients through its entire He should commonplace in Greek medical writers. physician-philosopher. Aristotle wrote a Developed tetanus and diphtheria vaccines (Olivieri 1919, 34). 1683: discovers bacteria, first immunologist Was born in the city of Croton () in Magna Graecia (southern Italy) was a reference point for the activity of physicians and philosophers over the years. Fragments 1a, 3 and 4, however, are really because of an excess of heat or cold, which in turn arose because of account of sleep. describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases. 1923: first vaccine developed for Diphtheria the human body in the testimonia and fragments, refer to Alcmaeon as a 5th century BC) was an early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist. discuss in his book could not be settled by a direct appeal to sense terms from the doxography is more likely than assuming influence on Experimented with canine blood transfusions, Father of Microbiology maintains health but that monarchy among them produces disease. Based on roman architect Vitruvius description, published a finding on human anatomy in "De Fabrica Carports Humani". Pythagoreans indicate that Alcmaeon himself was a Pythagorean? Rhazes Discovered difference between smallpox and measles . Gomperz, H., 1928, Zu Alkmaion Frag. Raaflaub 2004: 95; Zhmud 2012a: 358), one of the most noted early [6] Calcidius, on whose authority the fact rests, merely says "qui primus exsectionem aggredi est ausus," and the word exsectio would apply equally well in either case;[7] some modern scholars doubt Calcidius' word entirely.